Nhazi ihe - Ngwa igwe
Dịka nhazi ọdịnala si dị, enwere ike kewaa ihe n'ime ihe ọla, ihe inorganic na-abụghị ọla (ihe seramiiki), ihe polymer na ihe mejupụtara. Ígwè, ọla edo na ọlaọcha bụ ihe ndị e ji ígwè rụọ. Ihe ndị na-abụghị ọla, gụnyere ceramik na iko, gụnyere oxides, nnu inorganic, wdg n'ihe gbasara ụyọkọ. Ihe mejupụtara ihe polymer bụ nke macromolecules organic, dị ka eriri, rọba, resins na plastik. Ihe ejikọtara ọnụ bụ ihe abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa n'otu ụzọ, a na-ekekwa ha n'ọtụtụ ụdị. Dị ka matriks si kwuo, ha nwere ike kewaa n'ime metal matrix, ceramic matrix, resin matrix, wdg, ma ọ bụ dị ka mkwado, ha nwere ike kewaa n'ime eriri mesikwuru, urughuru Reinforced composite ihe, wdg, e nwere ọtụtụ ụdị.
Ghọta ihe igwe na usoro mmepe. Ngwa igwe na-ezo aka na ihe ndị nwere ihe ọla bụ nke ihe igwe mejupụtara ma ọ bụ ihe mejupụtara ya bụ nke ọla. Gụnyere ọla dị ọcha, alloys, ogige intermetallic na ihe ọla pụrụ iche.
Nghọta anyị gbasara ihe igwe kwesịrị ibido n'akụkụ ndị a:
1. Nhazi: A na-ekekarị ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na metal ferrous metals, metal non-ferrous metals and special metal metal.
① Ferrous ọla na-akpọkwa ígwè ihe, gụnyere ulo oru ọcha ígwè nwere ihe karịrị 90% ígwè, nkedo ígwè nwere 2% ka 4% carbon, carbon ígwè nwere ihe na-erughị 2% carbon, na structural ígwè, igwe anaghị agba nchara, na okpomọkụ na-eguzogide. ígwè maka ihe dị iche iche. Steel, elu okpomọkụ alloy, nkenke alloy, wdg General ferrous ọla na-agụnye chromium, manganese na ha alloys.
② Igwe anaghị agba nchara na-ezo aka na ọla niile na alloys ha ma e wezụga ígwè, chromium na manganese, nke a na-ekewakarị na ọla ọkụ, ọla dị arọ, ọla dị oké ọnụ ahịa, ọkara ọla, ọla ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe na ọla ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe. Ike na ike nke alloys na-abụghị ferrous na-adịkarị elu karịa nke ọla dị ọcha, ha na-enwekwa nguzogide dị ukwuu na obere okpomọkụ nke nguzogide.
③Ihe ọla pụrụ iche gụnyere ihe igwe arụrụ arụ na ihe eji arụ ọrụ maka ojiji dị iche iche. N'ime ha bụ amorphous metal ihe enwetara site na ngwa ngwa condensation usoro, yana quasicrystalline, microcrystalline, nanocrystalline metal ihe, wdg; enwekwara alloys ọrụ pụrụ iche dị ka stealth, nguzogide hydrogen, superconductivity, ebe nchekwa ọdịdị, iyi nguzogide, mbelata vibration na damping, wdg, na metal matrix composite material, wdg.
A na-ekewa ihe ọla n'ime ọla nkedo, ọla ndị nwere nkwarụ, ọla a kpụrụ akpụ, na ihe ntụ ntụ dị ka usoro mmepụta na ịkpụzi si dị. A na-etolite igwe nkedo site na usoro nkedo, tumadi gụnyere igwe nkedo, igwe nkedo na ihe nkedo na-abụghị igwe na alloys.
A na-etolite igwe mebiri emebi site na nhazi nrụgide dịka ịkpụ, ịtụgharị, stamping, wdg, na ihe mejupụtara kemịkal ya dịtụ iche na igwe nkedo kwekọrọ. A na-eme ígwè na-akpụ injection n'ime akụkụ na oghere ndị nwere ụfọdụ ọdịdị na ihe nhazi site na usoro nhazi injection.
Enwere ike kewaa arụmọrụ nke ihe igwe n'ụdị abụọ: arụmọrụ usoro na arụmọrụ ojiji.
2. Performance:
Iji jiri ihe ọla mee ihe n'ụzọ ezi uche dị na ya ma na-enye ọrụ zuru oke maka ọrụ ha, ọ dị mkpa ịmara arụmọrụ (arụmọrụ ọrụ) nke akụkụ na ihe ndị dị iche iche nke metal dị iche iche kwesịrị inwe n'okpuru ọnọdụ ọrụ nkịtị na ojiji ha n'oge nhazi ọkụ na oyi. . Arụmọrụ kwesịrị inwe (arụmọrụ usoro). Arụmọrụ nke ihe na-agụnye ihe anụ ahụ (dị ka ike ndọda kpọmkwem, ebe mgbaze, ọkụ eletrik, conductivity thermal, thermal expansion, magnetism, wdg), ihe ndị na-emepụta kemịkalụ (nkwụsị, nkwụsị corrosion, nkwụsị oxidation), na ihe eji arụ ọrụ. Usoro arụmọrụ nke ihe na-ezo aka n'ikike nke ihe na-eme ka ọ kwekọọ na usoro nhazi oyi na ọkụ.
3. Production usoro:
N'imepụta ihe ndị e ji ígwè rụọ, a na-ebu ụzọ amịpụta ígwè ahụ ma gbazee ya. Ụfọdụ ọla dị mkpa ka a nụchaa ma mezie ya ka ọ bụrụ nhazi kwesịrị ekwesị tupu ahazi ya ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa nke nkọwa na njirimara dị iche iche. Iji wepụ ọla, ígwè na-ejikarị usoro pyrometallurgical, ya bụ, ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọkụ ọkụ na-emeghe ọkụ, ọkụ ọkụ eletrik, ọkụ induction, cupolas (ịme ígwè), wdg na-eji maka ịgbaze na agbaze; ọla ndị na-abụghị nke ferrous na-eji usoro pyrometallurgical na hydrometallurgical; ọla ndị dị elu na-adị ọcha yana ọla ndị chọrọ ihe pụrụ iche, a na-ejikwa usoro mgbaze mpaghara, mgbaze na-ekpo ọkụ na ntụ ntụ. Mgbe agbazechara ihe igwe ahụ ma gbanwee ihe mejupụtara ya, a na-atụgharị ya ma na-akpụzi ya, ma ọ bụ mee ka ọ bụrụ ingots na billet site na nkedo na ntụ ntụ metallurgy na-emepụta usoro, wee na-edozi plastik ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa nke ụdị na nkọwa dị iche iche.
4. Usoro mmepe:
Mmepe nke ihe igwe esiwo na ọla dị ọcha na alloys dị ọcha pụọ. Site n'ọganihu nke imepụta ihe, teknụzụ usoro na nnwale arụmọrụ, ihe ọla ọdịnala etolitela ngwa ngwa, a na-emepụtakwa ihe ndị ọhụrụ dị elu na-emepe emepe. Ọdịdị dị elu dị elu dị ka ngwa ngwa condensing amorphous na microcrystalline ihe, aluminum-lithium alloys na elu kpọmkwem ike na elu kpọmkwem mode, nyere iwu intermetallic ogige na n'ibu alloying alloys, oxide dispersion na-ewusi alloys ike, directionally siri ike columnar kristal na otu crystal alloys ihe onwunwe, metal. matrix composite material, na ọhụrụ arụ ọrụ ígwè ihe dị ka shape memory alloys, neodymium iron boron magnet alloys na-adịgide adịgide, na hydrogen nchekwa alloys e tinye n'ọrụ n'ụdị dị iche iche dị ka ikuku ikuku, ume, na electromechanics.