Ihe kristal bụ ihe siri ike nke nwere ihe ndị nwere kristal nwere otu nke atọm, ion, molecules ma ọ bụ irighiri ihe na nhazi oge na oge. Otu kristal bụ ihe mejupụtara otu kristal, nke dị na okike, dị ka kristal diamond, ma ọ bụ nwee ike ịme ya n'ụzọ artificial, dị ka germanium na silicon single crystals. Otu kristal na-eto site na nucleus, mkpụrụ ndụ ya niile dị n'otu ụzọ ahụ, si otú a na-enwe anisotropy.
Onu ogugu a na-egosi njirimara morphological na elemental nke CsPbBr3 otu kristal nwere anisotropy:
1. Mmachi onwe ya: ya bụ, otu kristal nwere ọchịchọ nke na-etolite n'otu ntabi anya na-etolite ụfọdụ polyhedra geometrical mgbe ọ ga-ekwe omume.
2. Homogeneity: ya bụ, akụkụ dị iche iche nke otu kristal nwere otu ihe macroscopic
3. Symmetry: ya bụ, otu kristal n'akụkụ ụfọdụ akọwapụtara nke ọdịdị ya na njirimara anụ ahụ bụ otu
4. Anisotropy: ya bụ, n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke otu kristal n'ozuzu nwere ụdị anụ ahụ dị iche iche
5. Obere ike dị n'ime na nnukwu nkwụsi ike: ya bụ, ọnọdụ amorphous nke ihe nwere ike gbanwee n'otu oge gaa na steeti crystalline.
Uto nke kristal sitere na gbazee bụ otu n'ime ụzọ ndị a na-ahụkarị na nke dị mkpa maka ịkwadebe nnukwu otu kristal na otu kristal nke ụdị ụfọdụ.
Ọtụtụ n'ime otu ihe kristal achọrọ na ngwa teknụzụ ọgbara ọhụrụ dị ka elektrọnik na optics na-akwado ya site na ụzọ agbaze agbaze, dị ka silicon kristal, GaAs (gallium nitride), LiNbO3 (lithium niobate), Nd: YAG (neodymium-doped ytterbium aluminum). Garnet), Al2O3 (nkume na-acha ọcha) na ụfọdụ ọla ala alkaline na ogige halogenated nke ọla ala alkaline, wdg.
E jiri ya tụnyere ụzọ ndị ọzọ, agbaze agbaze na-enwekarị uru nke uto ngwa ngwa na ịdị ọcha dị elu na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke kristal. Ụkpụrụ dị mfe nke uto kristal site na usoro mgbaze bụ ịgbaze ihe eji eme ihe maka uto kristal ma mee ka ọ bụrụ otu kristal n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Mgbaze nke ihe eji eme ihe na ihe siri ike nke agbaze bụ nzọụkwụ abụọ bụ isi.
A ghaghị ịgbaze gbazee ahụ n'ụzọ ntụziaka n'okpuru ọnọdụ a na-achịkwa, na usoro uto na-emezu site na mmegharị nke interface mmiri siri ike. Iji too kristal na agbaze, okpomọkụ nke usoro ahụ ga-adị n'okpuru nha nha. Ọnọdụ nke usoro okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru okpomọkụ nha na-aghọ oyi.
Uru zuru oke nke subcooling bụ ogo nke subcooling, nke na-egosi ịdị ukwuu nke subcooling nke usoro. Ogo nke subcooling bụ ike na-eme ka uto kristal na usoro agbaze. Maka ụfọdụ ihe kristal, isi ihe na-ekpebi mmụba kristal n'ogo ụfọdụ nke subcooling bụ nha nha nke gradient okpomọkụ n'etiti kristal na agbaze.
Uto nke kristal sitere na ngwọta nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme kachasị ogologo ma jiri ya mee ihe. Ụkpụrụ bụ isi nke usoro a bụ igbari solute akụrụngwa na ihe mgbaze ma mee ihe kwesịrị ekwesị iji mee ka ọnọdụ ngwọta dị elu nke kristal na-eto eto. Usoro ngwọta nwere uru ndị a:
1. Enwere ike itolite kristal na okpomọkụ nke ọma n'okpuru ebe agbaze ha. Enwere ọtụtụ kristal nke na-emebi emebi n'okpuru ebe mgbaze ha ma ọ bụ na-eme mgbanwe kristal na-achọghị, ụfọdụ na-enwe nrụgide dị elu mgbe ọ na-agbaze. Ihe ngwọta na-enye ohere ka kristal ndị a na-eto eto na okpomọkụ dị ala, si otú a na-ezere nsogbu ndị dị n'elu. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, isi iyi ọkụ na arịa na-eto eto maka ịmepụta kristal na-eto eto na obere okpomọkụ dị mfe ịhọrọ.2. Mbelata viscosity. Ụfọdụ kristal dị nnọọ viscous na steeti a wụrụ awụ na-enweghị ike ịmepụta kristal wee bụrụ ugegbe mgbe ha jụrụ oyi.
3. Ọ dị mfe itolite n'ime nnukwu kristal edo edo nwere ọdịdị zuru oke.
4. n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, a pụrụ ịhụ usoro uto kristal ozugbo, nke na-eme ka ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ nke kinetics kristal dị mfe. Ọdịmma nke usoro ngwọta bụ ọtụtụ ihe mejupụtara, mgbagwoju anya nke ihe ndị na-emetụta kristal kristal, ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa, na ogologo oge (na-emekarị ọ na-ewe ọtụtụ iri ụbọchị ma ọ bụ ọbụna karịa otu afọ).
Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, usoro ngwọta chọrọ nhazi dị elu na njikwa okpomọkụ maka uto kristal. Ọnọdụ dị mkpa maka uto kristal site na usoro ngwọta: ntinye nke ngwọta dị ukwuu karịa nha nha nha na okpomọkụ ahụ, ntụgharị ogo nke supersaturation. Ike ịkwọ ụgbọala bụ ogo nke supersaturation.
Usoro ngwọta okpomọkụ dị elu bụ ụzọ dị mkpa maka kristal na-eto eto ma bụrụ otu n'ime ụzọ eji eme ihe n'oge mbụ. kristal na-eto eto site na ngwọta ma ọ bụ ihe mgbaze nnu a wụrụ awụ na okpomọkụ dị elu na-enye ohere ka usoro solute na-eto na okpomọkụ nke ọma n'okpuru ebe agbaze ya. Usoro a nwere uru ndị a karịa ụzọ ndị ọzọ:
1. ike ngwa ngwa, ọ bụrụhaala na ị nwere ike ịchọta ihe kwesịrị ekwesị ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke fluxes, ị nwere ike ịmalite otu kristal.
2. ọtụtụ refractory ogige na na-agbaze ebe dị nnọọ mgbanwe ma ọ bụ elu okpomọkụ mgbe mgbanwe na uru ma ọ bụ na-adọ mgbanwe ihe, nakwa dị ka ndị na-abụghị yiri mejupụtara nke gbazere ogige, enweghị ike ozugbo site gbazee na-eto eto ma ọ bụ na-apụghị itolite. otu kristal zuru oke zuru oke, usoro mgbanwe n'ihi uto nke obere okpomọkụ, na-egosi usoro ntụgharị na-egosi ikike pụrụ iche n'ihi obere okpomọkụ.
Ọdịmma nke nkwadebe kristal site na usoro nnu gbazere:
kristal na-eto ngwa ngwa; adịghị mfe ịhụ; fluxes na-abụkarị nsi; obere kristal nha; mmetọ ibe ya site na fluxes ọtụtụ akụkụ.
Usoro a dabara adaba maka nkwadebe nke ihe ndị a:
(1) ihe nwere nnukwu agbaze;
(2) ihe ndị nwere mgbanwe oge na obere okpomọkụ;
(3) ihe ndị nwere oke ikuku dị na ihe ndị ahụ. Ụkpụrụ bụ isi: Usoro ngwọta okpomọkụ dị elu bụ ihe kristal na-agbaze na mmiri dị mma n'okpuru ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị elu iji mepụta ngwọta, na ụkpụrụ ya bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka usoro ngwọta okpomọkụ nke ụlọ. Otú ọ dị, nhọrọ nke mgbanwe na mkpebi nke mmekọrịta nke oge nke ngwọta bụ ihe dị mkpa maka uto nke kristal na usoro ngwọta okpomọkụ dị elu.
Usoro nke a na-akpọ gas-phase usoro maka uto kristal bụ ịtụgharị ihe kristal ka a ga-etolite n'ime oge gas site na usoro nke sublimation, evaporation na decomposition, wee mee ka ọ ghọọ uzuoku juputara site na ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị wee ghọọ kristal site na condensation na. crystallization. Njirimara nke uto kristal site na usoro nke gas bụ:
1. ịdị ọcha dị elu nke kristal toro;
2. ezi iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke kristal toro;
3. ngwa ngwa uto nke kristal;
4. a usoro nke ihe ndị siri ike ịchịkwa, dị ka okpomọkụ gradient, supersaturation ratio, eruba ọnụego nke na-ebu gas, wdg Ugbu a, gas na-adọ usoro bụ tumadi na-eji maka whisker ibu na uto nke epitaxial fim (homogeneous na heterogeneous epitaxy), ebe uto nke nnukwu kristal buru ibu nwere ọghọm ya.
Enwere ike kewaa usoro uzuoku ụzọ abụọ bụ isi: anụ ahụ
Ntube vapor (PVD): mgbanwe nke ihe polycrystalline n'ime otu kristal site na njikọta anụ ahụ, dị ka sublimation-condensation, molecular beam epitaxy na cathodic sputtering;
Mkpokọta vapor kemịkalụ (CVD): Mgbanwe nke akụrụngwa polycrystalline ka ọ bụrụ otu kristal site na usoro gas site na usoro kemịkalụ, dị ka usoro njem kemịkalụ, usoro ire ere gas, usoro njikọ gas na usoro MOCVD.
Ike dị elu, nguzogide corrosion, eletriki eletrik na njirimara ndị ọzọ nke ihe kristal nwere ọtụtụ ngwa na nyocha sayensị na ụlọ ọrụ. Ihe kristal abụrụla ihe dị mkpa dị mkpa maka imepụta ndekọ magnetik, ihe nchekwa magnetik, ebe nchekwa anya, ikewapụ anya, modulation ngwa anya na akụrụngwa ngwa anya na optoelectronic ndị ọzọ, nchọpụta infrared, sensọ infrared, teknụzụ kọmputa, laser na teknụzụ nkwukọrịta ngwa anya, infrared. teknụzụ nhụta anya na mpaghara teknụzụ ndị ọzọ dị elu.
Ntuziaka nyocha anyị nke ihe kristal na-agụnye nyocha nke akụrụngwa na ngwa nke kristal laser, kristal anya na-adịghị anya, kristal pyroelectric, kristal piezoelectric, kristal laser nke onwe-ugboro abụọ, kristal electro-optical crystals, kristal semiconductor, kristal monolithic metal, wdg. ., yana nyocha nke ụzọ uto kristal ọhụrụ na teknụzụ uto.
Ugbu a, anyị tumadi na-emepụta metal otu kristal site kemịkalụ vepo deposition na anụ ahụ vepo deposition usoro, na mgbakwunye, n'ihi na nke anyị ngwaahịa nnyocha na mmepe mkpa na mkpa nke ndị ahịa anyị 'nyocha sayensị, anyị na-eme dị ka onye na-elekọta mmadụ n'ihi na a dịgasị iche iche. ihe kristal dị n'ụlọ na nke a na-ebubata maka ire ere, enwere ike ịhazi ya na nha dị iche iche na nhazi nke ihe kristal maka nyocha sayensị gị, ọ bụrụ na ị nwere ngwaahịa ngwaahịa ndị a, biko kpọọ anyị maka ozi ndị ọzọ.
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